Which type of memory retains data even when power is turned off?

Non-volatile memory retains data even when the power is turned off. This characteristic is crucial for storing information that must persist without an active power supply, such as firmware, user settings, and files. Common types of non-volatile memory include flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), and hard drives. By retaining data in this way, non-volatile memory ensures that important information is not lost during power outages or when devices are turned off, making it essential for everyday computing needs.

In contrast, volatile memory requires power to maintain the stored information. It loses its data immediately when the power supply is cut off, which is typical for RAM (Random Access Memory). Static memory and dynamic memory are both types of volatile memory. Static memory retains data as long as power is supplied and is often faster, while dynamic memory needs periodic refreshing to maintain the stored data.